The League of Nations was set up by the Treaty of Versailles. The League was Wilson's dream for a new world order - a new way of conducting foreign affairs that would abolish war and keep the world safe, but less than a quarter of a century later Wilson's dream lay in ruins.
The table below is a summary. Its aims to stop wars to encourage disarmament to make the world a better place by improving people's working conditions and by tackling disease Its organisation an assembly, which met once a year a council, which met more regularly to consider crises a small secretariat to handle the paperwork a Court of International Justice a number of committees such as the International Labour Organisation and the Health Committee to carry out its humanitarian work Its main strengths set up by the Treaty of Versailles, which every nation had signed.
Its main weaknesses set up by the Treaty of Versailles which every nation hated aims were too ambitious Germany, Russia and the USA were not members no army organisation was cumbersome decisions had to be unanimous The Covenant of the League of Nations The League of Nations was set up by the first 26 clauses of the Treaty of Versailles - called 'The Covenant of the League of Nations'.
Article Details 3. The reality of a worldwide economic depression and the need for increased attention to domestic problems only served to bolster the idea that the United States should isolate itself from troubling events in Europe.
During the interwar period, the U. Government repeatedly chose non-entanglement over participation or intervention as the appropriate response to international questions. Some members of Congress opposed membership in the League out of concern that it would draw the United States into European conflicts, although ultimately the collective security clause sank the possibility of U. During the s, the League proved ineffectual in the face of growing militarism, partly due to the U.
The Japanese invasion of Manchuria and subsequent push to gain control over larger expanses of Northeast China in led President Herbert Hoover and his Secretary of State, Henry Stimson , to establish the Stimson Doctrine , which stated that the United States would not recognize the territory gained by aggression and in violation of international agreements.
With the Stimson Doctrine, the United States expressed concern over the aggressive action without committing itself to any direct involvement or intervention. Other conflicts, including the Italian invasion of Ethiopia and the Spanish Civil War, also resulted in virtually no official commitment or action from the United States Government.
Upon taking office, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt tended to see a necessity for the United States to participate more actively in international affairs, but his ability to apply his personal outlook to foreign policy was limited by the strength of isolationist sentiment in the U.
The aim was to increase French security by making it impossible for Germany to invade France unawares. Other terms restricted the German army to , men and the navy to just 36 ships. Germany objected to the terms of the treaty but were told to sign it or the war would begin again.
The Treaty of Versailles also set up the League of Nations, an international peace-keeping organisation. It was based on the idea of collective security, that is, the nations of the world would act together collectively to preserve peace. Unfortunately, one of the most powerful, the USA, did not join the League. Germany in the s was keen to get back on normal terms with other nations and signed the Treaty of Locarno. By this treaty Germany agreed to accept the terms of the Versailles Treaty, at least on her western borders.
France continued to worry about their safety against Germany particularly after Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in He had always declared his firm intention of overthrowing the Treaty of Versailles and uniting all Germans in one country, even if it led to war.
Germany began to re-arm. Could France trust collective security, or should they find military allies? Germany claimed the treaty was hostile to them and Hitler used this as an excuse to send German troops into the Rhineland in March , contrary to the terms of the treaties of Versailles and Locarno.
It was a gamble on his part and his generals were nervous about it. German re-armament had not yet reached a point where they felt ready to take on a well-armed nation like France. Following the discussions described in the documents, the British Foreign Secretary, Anthony Eden, did indeed meet the German ambassador and make his proposals. Both envisage the possibility that states which are not themselves attacked will be willing and ready to go to war for defending the security of the victim of an aggression.
Both have a similar perception of peace. Balance of Power regards peace an equilibrium or balance among the powers of a number of major powers. Collective Security accepts the presence of peace i. Finally, both have faith that mutual cooperation including military cooperation among the members of the system can be turned into a military action against aggression. Thus, there are a number of similarities between Balance of Power and Collective Security.
The concept of Balance of Power involves the existence of competitive alignments. It assumes a division of states into more or less hostile camps. As against this, Collective Security stands for a universal or global cooperative system for action in which all the members of the international community are equal members.
Balance of Power gets operationalized through the policies of major powers who are the key actors. Collective Security, gets operationalized through the commitment of all nations of the world to act collectively for defending International Security against war. The alliances which go with the balance of power are aimed at a specific potential enemy. Collective Security system is aimed at any aggressor state that may be in any part of the world.
It is a system of general agreement and cooperation. In Balance of Power enemy is either from within or from outside, in Collective Security the enemy is always from within:. In a Balance of Power system the enemy is a major state which becomes unduly powerful and threatens the balance. In Collective Security an enemy state which commits aggression is always from within the international community.
It is always a member of the system acting against another member. In a Balance of Power system only five or even major powers are involved. They are in agreement to defend certain selected frontiers and not to defend against every aggression or war. As against this, in a Collective Security system all the nations are committed to fight aggression against any state.
They are in agreement to defend every state against any aggression. A Balance of Power system permits neutrality and the localization of war, as an a state can remain neutral. Collective Security system precludes neutrality and requires all the states to join the collective security action against every aggression. Balance of Power involves a general alliance among some states, Collective Security system is a general agreement covering all States:. The states seeking a Balance of Power through alliances assume that their vital interests are common with some selected states, but not with all the states.
Collective Security system is based upon a general agreement among all nations. All the nations have a common interest in preserving international peace and security. In a Balance of Power system, the environment of fear is there. Against this, in Collective Security the basis is the existence of mutual goodwill and cooperation among all states for meeting all violations of the security of every state.
Balance of Power operates in the Absence of a Global Organisation, Collective Security essentially involves the existence of an International Organisation:.
The operation of Collective Security necessitates the existence of an international institution, like the United Nations, for organizing the creation of a global preponderance of power necessary to meet an aggression in any part of the system.
In contrast, a state can pursue a Balance of Power unilaterally, and if it makes alliance, relatively simple rules and institutional arrangements are likely to suffice. Balance of power works in the absence of an international organisation.
Thus Collective Security and Balance of Power are two different devices of power management. During this last decade of the 20th century, the Collective Security System began acting as a popular and useful device for the preservation of international peace and security. The Charter of the United Nations regards the preservation of international peace and security as its most major objective. In its very first article, while stating the purposes of the United Nations, it makes the preservation of international peace and security as the first priority.
It lays down a collective security system for this purpose. The UN Security Council has been assigned the responsibility and power to initiate collective security action for meeting any threat to international peace by a war or aggression. Art 40 lays down that as the first step towards preventing the aggravation of the situation involving a threat to or breach of international peace and security, the Security Council can take provisional measures like cease fire, and call upon the concerned parties to comply with these.
The Security Council can recommend to the members of the United Nations for compelling the concerned parties to end the violation of peace and security. It can recommend sanctions against the state involved in aggression. The next four Articles of the U. Charter lay down the procedure for raising, maintaining and using the U. Peace Keeping Force for Collective Security force. Arts 50 lays down the ways in which non-member states can adjust their policies and actions towards the decision that may be taken up by the Security Council under Articles 41 and Charter lays down the Collective Security system for preservation of international peace and security.
North Korea invaded South Korea on the night of th June It held that North Korean attack on South Korea constituted a breach of peace and called for an immediate withdrawal of North Korean forces from South Korea. The response of the members to the Security Council resolutions was quite favourable as 53 countries expressed their willingness to support the Collective Security action.
On July 7, , the Security Council set up a unified command under the UN flag and requested the member states to provide military assistance. In the first instance the U. Later on, by early , sixteen more countries came forward to offer their armed forces which were placed under the UN unified UN command. Thus the U. However, the U. Collective Security operations in Korea became highly complicated when Communist China intervened in the Korean war for protecting the interests of North Korea.
This development made the Collective Security operations in Korea very problematic because many states expressed their hesitation towards continued collective security operations in Korea as they felt that these could lead to an escalation of war.
0コメント