Oxidation is a chemical reaction in which atoms lose electrons. Atoms have a nucleus central core which is positively charged. Orbiting around the nucleus are electrons which are negatively charged. The opposite attraction between the positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons keeps an atom stable. However, during metabolic reactions, atoms exchange electrons. Oxidation is the loss of electrons from an atom. Conversely, reduction is the gain of electrons by an atom.
Oxidation and reduction usually occur together as an exchange reaction. One way to remember the difference between oxidation and reduction in the exchange reaction is to remember "OIL RIG":. Oxidation sometimes results in the formation of free radicals. Remember those electrons that are orbiting the nucleus of an atom?
Well those electrons contain energy; however, this energy is not always stable. The stability depends on the number of electrons that are within an atom. Atoms are more stable when their electrons orbit in pairs. An atom with an odd number of electrons must have an unpaired electron.
The unpaired electron in free radicals makes the atom or molecule unstable. Electrons in atoms "hate" not existing in pairs. An atom with an unpaired electron a free radical wants to become stable again, so it quickly seeks out another electron to "steal" from another atom or molecule.
The instability of free radicals is what poses a threat to macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and fatty acids. Free radicals can cause chain reactions that ultimately damage cells. For example, a free radical may react with a fatty acid and steal one of its electrons. The fatty acid then becomes a free radical that can react with another fatty acid nearby.
As this chain reaction continues, the permeability and fluidity of cell membranes changes, proteins in cell membranes experience decreased activity, and receptor proteins undergo changes in structure that either alter or stop their function. If receptor proteins designed to react to insulin levels undergo a structural change it can negatively effect glucose uptake. Free radical reactions can continue unchecked unless stopped by a defense mechanism. Here are 8 of the healthiest….
Carbs have a bad reputation, but they're an irreplaceable part of the optimal human diet. See which carbs you should be eating more of. Pasta is a staple in many households around the world. However, people often wonder whether it's healthy or unhealthy. Multiple tests can analyze metabolism. Most need blood drawn, but some can be ordered online and done at home.
Here are 2. This simple, at-home test can introduce you to your metabolic hormones. Health Conditions Discover Plan Connect. Mental Health. Medically reviewed by Timothy J. Legg, Ph. Antioxidants are molecules that prevent the oxidation of other molecules. Antioxidants are chemicals that lessen or prevent the effects of free radicals.
They donate an electron to free radicals, thereby reducing their reactivity. What makes antioxidants unique is that they can donate an electron without becoming reactive free radicals themselves. No single antioxidant can combat the effects of every free radical. Just as free radicals have different effects in different areas of the body, every antioxidant behaves differently due to its chemical properties. In certain contexts , however, some antioxidants may become pro-oxidants, which grab electrons from other molecules, creating chemical instability that can cause oxidative stress.
Thousands of chemicals can act as antioxidants. Vitamins C, and E, glutathione, beta-carotene , and plant estrogens called phytoestrogens are among the many antioxidants that may cancel out the effects of free radicals. Many foods are rich in antioxidants.
Berries, citrus fruits, and many other fruits are rich in vitamin C, while carrots are known for their high beta-carotene content. The soy found in soybeans and some meat substitutes is high in phytoestrogens.
The ready availability of antioxidants in food has inspired some health experts to advise antioxidant-rich diets. The antioxidant theory of aging also led many companies to push sales of antioxidant supplements. Research on antioxidants is mixed. Most research shows few or no benefits. A study that looked at antioxidant supplementation for the prevention of prostate cancer found no benefits.
A study found that antioxidants did not lower the risk of lung cancer. In fact, for people already at a heightened risk of cancer, such as smokers, antioxidants slightly elevated the risk of cancer. Some research has even found that supplementation with antioxidants is harmful, particularly if people take more than the recommended daily allowance RDA.
A analysis found that high doses of beta-carotene or vitamin E significantly increased the risk of dying. Learn More Dasatinib Chemotherapy can injure cancer cells by creating oxidative damage.
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